American Whitewater Announces Safety Database Upgrade

Posted: 04/01/2017

By: Charlie Walbridge

Why We Report Accidents (And How You Can Help)

After over a year's work American Whitewater has released an upgraded version of their Whitewater Accident Database. It's the largest collection of its kind in the world, with over 1600 fatalities and close calls dating back to 1972. Each report has been checked for accuracy and AW Webmaster Ryan Groth greatly improved the search capacity. You can now locate accidents by a dozen different categories and characteristics. Here's how this project came about, how it evolved, why American Whitewater reports accidents and how you can help us keep this project going in the coming years.

It started over 40 years ago, in 1975. Charlie Walbridge was on the water when drowning occurred at a Class II slalom race. The paddler was well equipped and experienced and no one could explain exactly how it happened. Charlie was upset, and curious enough to start asking questions. He knew many of the paddlers who had tried to make the rescue and talked with them the next day. Later someone told him about a similar accident that happened a few months earlier in Tennessee. His report, published in the 1976 AW Journal, described the risks of foot entrapment for the first time. The well-known caution not to stand up in fast-moving water, not standard back then, quickly became the usual practice. This illustrates how paddlers learn from accident reports to improve the safety of the sport, which is one of AW's major goals.

After writing this report, he received others. At first he only heard about a handful of accidents each year. The sport was very small then; he knew many of the people involved personally and they trusted him to explain what happened. Later he started studying accidents outside the whitewater paddling community to support AW's work with State and Federal boating regulators. Any incident occurring on fast moving water was of interest since whitewater dynamics were in play. He encouraged paddlers to submit accounts of near misses, serious injuries, and successful rescues. While many of us are too embarrassed or shaken to discuss these events publically, we all benefit tremendously from the accounts of those who do.

In the late 1990's the huge "new school" growth spurt in kayaking happened just as the Internet came of age. Emails, chat rooms, and social media made it easier than ever to share accident reports, to research leads, and to communicate with those involved. The number of reports he received increased. Today we get reports of 30-40 moving water deaths per year with a high of 77 fatalities in 2011. The Accident Database was created by Safety Chair Tim Kelly in 2001 to make this information more accessible to anyone.

There are three good reasons for writing (or sending in) a whitewater accident report:

First, to get the real story out. People will talk about fatalities or near misses, and the rumor mill quickly fills in the gaps. Some people who weren't there make up an unflattering versions of what happened just to get attention. Thanks to the Internet these negative accounts can gain wide circulation When those involved get the real story out quickly it puts those negative rumors to rest.

Second, to learn from what happened. Since most paddlers won't encounter a fatal accident during their entire careers these first hand these reports are a unique learning opportunity. Each accident, near miss, or serious injury helps paddlers figure out what works and what doesn't, The reports help us improve equipment, modify skills, and increase awareness of specific hazards. They also help us better understand the risks involved and make better decisions on the water Even the ones with obvious causes, like the no PFD, high water, cold water deaths we see every year, reinforce tAW's safety message.

Lastly, this work supports American Whitewater's access and conservation work with government agencies. Since river running skills are not well known outside the paddling community our sport often seem reckless and irresponsible to ordinary people. Government officials, who are no better informed than the average citizen, can be tempted close off or restrict river access for "public safety" reasons. AW staff and volunteers counter this with a fact-based approach to whitewater safety based on our long history of work in the field. Since strong personal skills and good decision making are the key to safety in paddlesports, we encourage them to think in terms of "education, not regulation,"

Accident reports come from many sources. There are detailed accounts written by paddlers present at the scene of the accident. There are summaries from paddlers discussing an accident in emails or chat rooms. Then there are newspaper articles, good for names and dates, but beyond that their quality varies widely. Some are very well written and quite detailed; others are sketchy or omit important facts. It's really helpful when the person forwarding the article writes a few sentences about what the river is like. Sometimes all we get is an email saying that the writer thinks someone died on a river nearby. Then we then make inquiries to confirm or deny the rumor.

American Whitewater depends on its members to forward the reports that they encounter. Search engines are no match for knowledgeable paddlers with their ears to the ground! Don't worry, we don't mind duplicate submissions, and we're ready to track down rumors and find out what happened.

If you're putting a report together, start with the basics: The date the accident happened, the river and location (section, name of rapid or feature if possible), river level and difficulty, and the name and age of the victim. Then follow up with a straightforward description of what happened. If you weren't there, say what you know. If you're forwarding newspaper articles or chat room posts, cut and paste the text rather than providing link. A link will often stop working without warning. A description of the accident site from the view of an experienced boater is always useful, so don't hesitate to add your observations. You can go to the American Whitewater website safety page, hit the link marked "report an accident", and fill out a report. Or you can send the material to Charlie Walbridge or message him on Facebook. He can also edit or help prepare a report to help you tell the story.

American Whitewater Accident Database Statistics: 1975 - 2016
Total Records		1588
Fatalities		1262									79%
Near Misses		268									17%
Injuries		58									3%

Fatalities by Country
United States		1192										95%
Canada		30										2%
All Other		40										3%

Fatalities by Boat Type
Kayak		446										35%
Canoe		182										14%
Raft and IK		486										39%
Other		146										12%
Commercial		231										18%
Private		1031										82%

Fatalities by Cause
Cold Water						326									26%
Flush Drowning						310									25%
High Water						290									23%
No PFD						201									16%
Strainer						196									16%
Entrapment						175									14%
One Boat Trip						166									13%
Undercuts/ Sieves						159									13%
Near Drown (Nonfatal)						147									12%
Caught in Dam Hydraulic						116									9%
Failed Rescue						88									7%
Caught by Nat. Hydraulic						70									6%
Equipment Trap						63									5%
Solo Paddler						55									4%
Health Problem						53									4%
Head Injury						52									4%
Heart Attack						48									4%
Foot Entrapment						45									4%
Impact/ Trauma						42									3%
Spinal Injury (nonfatal)						26									2%
Vertical Pin						13									1%

Fatalities by River Difficulty
Class I-II					128									16%
Class III					280									36%
Class IV					200									26%
Class V					173									22%


Fatalities by Decade
1977-1986	48					3%
1987-1996	219					18%
1997-2006	453					36%
2007-2016	530					43%

Fatalities By Water Level
Low	94						10%
Medium	370						40%
High	420						46%
Flood	33						4%

Fatalities by Age
Under 18	97							9%
18-34	413							39%
35-65	485							46%
over 65	69							6%

These numbers do not always add up for various reasons. For example: most accidents have multiple causes; in some reports ages, difficulty, or water levels are missing
Fatalities by State
Alabama			16						1.3%
Alaska			26						2%
Arizona			21						1.8%
Arkansas			13						1%
California			109						9%
Colorado			155						13%
Connecticut			9						0.7%
Georgia			7						0.6%
Hawaii			1						0.01%
Idaho			74						6%
Illinois			10						0.8%
Indiana			11						0.9%
Iowa			3						0.9%
Kansas			7						0.6%
Kentucky			11						0.9%
Maine			14						1.1%
Maryland			14						1.1%
Massachusetts			7						0.6%
Michigan			14						1.1%
Minnesota			6						0.5%
Missouri			7						0.6%
Montana			50						4%
Nevada			2						0.02%
New Hampshire			14						1.1%
New Jersey			16						1.3%
New Mexico			10						0.8%
New York			52						4%
North Carolina			33							3%
North Dakota			2							0.02%
Ohio			16							1.3%
Oklahoma			3							0.02
Oregon			60							5%
Pennsylvania			66							6%
Rhode Island			2							0.02%
South Carolina			29							2%
Tennessee			36							3%
Texas			22							1.8%
Utah			29							2%
Vermont			6							0.5%
Virginia			30							3%
Washington			69							6%
West Virginia			78							7%
Wisconsin			12							1%
Wyoming			20							1.6%


No Whitewater Fatalities were reported in Delaware, DC, Florida, Louisiana, Mississippi, Nebraska, & South Dakota
Top 10 States for Fatalities
1.Colorado				155									13%
2. California				109									9%
3. West Virginia				78									7%
4. Idaho				74									6%
5. Washington				69									6%
6. Pennsylvania				66									6%
7. Oregon				60									5%
8. Montana				50									4%
9. Tennessee				36									3%
10. North Carolina				33									3%

Top 10 Fatal Accident Causes
Cold Water				326									26%
Flush Drowning				310									25%
High Water				290									23%
No PFD				201									16%
Strainer				196									16%
Entrapment				175									14%
One Boat Trip				166									13%
Undercuts/ Sieves				159									13%
Caught in Dam Hydraulic				116									9%
Caught by Natural Hydraulic				70									6%

American Whitewater Accident Database Statistics: The Last 10 Years: 2007-2016
Fatalities by Boat Type
Kayak		166			32%
Canoe		65			12%
Raft and IK		208			40%
Other		84			16%
Total		529
Commercial		101			19%
Private		428			81%

Fatalities by Cause
Left causes in the same order as the 40-year chart so you can recognize changes (very few)
Cold Water			159			30%
Flush Drowning			146			28%
High Water			126			24%
No PFD			97			18%
Strainer			84			16%
Entrapment			51			10%
One Boat Trip			64			12%
Near Drown'g (Nonfatal)			62			12%
Undercuts/ Sieves			47			9%
Dam Hydraulic			48			9%
Failed Rescue			13			2%
Caught in Nat. Hydraulic			31			6%
Equipment Trap			23			5%
Solo Paddler			18			3%
Health Problem			26			5%
Head Injury			16			3%
Heart Attack			25			5%
Foot Entrapment			12			2%
Impact/ Trauma			11			2%
Spinal Injury (nonfatal)			16			3%
Vertical Pin			3			0.5%

Fatalities by Difficulty
Class II	35			15%
Class III	51			21%
Class IV	95			40%
Class V	59			24%

Fatalities by Ages
Under 18	65			12%
18-34	165			32%
35-65	255			48%
over 65	44			8%

Charles Walbridge

Bruceton Mills, WV

Full Profile